Jun 15, 2008
MAASTRICHT, Netherlands Romantic human-robot relationships are
no longer the stuff of science fiction researchers
expect them to become reality within four decades.
And they do not mean simply, mechanical sex.
I am talking about loving relationships about 40 years from now,
David Levy, author of the book Love + sex with robots , told
AFP at an international conference held last week at the University
of Maastricht in the south-east of the country.
when there are robots that have also emotions, personality,
consciousness. They can talk to you, they can make you laugh. They
can say they love you just like a human would say 'I
love you', and say it as though they mean it
Robots as sex toys should already be on the market within five
years, predicted Levy, a sort of an upgrade of the sex dolls
on sale now .
These would have electronic speech and sensors that make them utter
nice sounds when a human caresses their erogenous zones
.
But to build robots as real partners would take a bit longer, with
conversation skills being the main obstacle for developers.
Scientists were working on artificial personality, emotion and
consciousness, said Levy, and some robots already appear lifelike.
But for loving relationships -- that is something completely different. In
loving relationships there are many more things that are important.
And the most difficult of all is conversation.
You want your robot to be able to talk to you about what is interesting to
you. You want a partner who has some similar interest to you, who
talks to you in a manner that pleases you, who has a similar sense
of humor to you.
The field of human-computer conversation is crucial to building
robots with whom humans could fall in love, but is lagging behind
other areas of development, said the author.
I am sure it will (happen.) In 40 years perhaps sooner. You
will find robots, conversation partners, that will talk to you and
you will get as much pleasure from it as talking to another human. I
am sure of it.
Levy's bombshell thesis, whose publication has had a ripple-effect
way beyond the scientific community, gives rise to a number of
complicated ethical and relationship questions.
British scholar Dylan Evans pointed out the paradox inherent to any
relationship with a robot.
What is absolutely crucial to the sentiment of love, is the belief that
the love is neither unconditional nor eternal.
Robots cannot choose you, they cannot reject you. That could become very
boring, and one can imagine the human becoming cruel against his
defenseless partner , said Evans.
A robot could conceivably be programmed with a will of its own and
the ability to reject his human partner, he said, but that
would be a very difficult robot to sell .
Some warn against being overhasty.
Let us not exaggerate the possibilities! said Dutch researcher
Vincent Wiesel of the Technological University of the eastern town
of Delft.
Today, the artificial intelligence we are able to create is that of a
child of one year of age.
But Levy is unyielding. He is convinced it will happen, and predicts
many societal benefits.
There are many millions of people in the world who have nobody. They might
be shy or they might have some psychological hang-ups or
psycho-sexual hang-ups, they might have personality problems, they
might be ugly
There will always be many millions of people who cannot make normal
satisfactory relationships with humans, and for them the choice is
not: 'would I prefer a relationship with a human or would I prefer a
relationship with a robot?' -- the choice is no relationship at all
or a relationship with a robot.
They might even become human-to-human relationship savers, he
predicted.
Certainly there will be some existing human-human relationships where one
partner might say to the other partner: 'if you have sex with a
robot I'm leaving you'.
There will be others who say: 'when you go on your business trip please
take your robot because I happen to worry about the red light
district'.
Jun 14, 2008
KABUL, Afghanistan The girl was 11 when she was molested by a man with
no legs.
The man paid her $5. And that was how she started selling sex.
Afghanistan is one of the world's most conservative countries, yet its
sex trade appears to be thriving. Sex is sold most obviously at brothels
full of women from China who serve both Afghans and foreigners. Far more
controversial are Afghan prostitutes, who stay underground in a society
that pretends they don't exist.
Customs meant to keep women "pure" have not stopped prostitution. Girls
are expected to remain virgins until their wedding nights, so some
prostitutes have only anal sex.
Police make two to three prostitution arrests each week, according to
Zia ul-Haq, the chief investigator in the Interior Ministry's department
of sexual crimes. They are often the casualties of nearly three decades
of brutal war and a grinding poverty that forces most Afghans to live on
less than $1 a day.
"Prostitution is in every country that has poverty, and it exists in
Afghanistan," says women's rights activist Orzala Ashraf. "But society
has black glasses and ignores these problems. Tradition is honor, and if
we talk about these taboos, then we break tradition."
The girl is now 13, and her features have just sharpened into striking
beauty. She speaks four languages — the local languages of Pashtu and
Dari, the Urdu she picked up as a refugee in Pakistan and the English
she learned in a $2.40-a-month course she pays for herself in Kabul. She
is the breadwinner in her family of 10.
She does not know what a condom is. She has not heard of AIDS.
The Associated Press learned her story in a dozen meetings over four
months, as well as interviews with police and aid workers. For months
she insisted she was a "good girl" — a virgin. But in March, she
confessed to having anal sex with men for years, starting with the
legless beggar.
She looked down as she spoke, her face and hands sooty from car exhaust.
She tucked her hair repeatedly under her head scarf.
The girl grew up in Pakistan, where her family fled during a bloody
civil war in Afghanistan in the early 1990s. She cleaned cars for money.
Five years ago, her family and a flood of other refugees returned to
Afghanistan after the U.S.-led invasion toppled the Taliban regime. But
her father could earn only $40 a month doing various odd jobs.
So she sold chewing gum and newspapers and cleaned car windows in the
muddy, potholed streets of Kabul. She made about $3 a day.
That was where she met Uncle Lang, a nickname that literally means Uncle
Legless.
Uncle Lang was a land mine victim. When the girl and a friend brought
him tea and food, he forced himself upon them, police say.
"I didn't know anything about sex," she says. "But it happened."
It's hard to know how many other women in Afghanistan are prostitutes
because of the extreme secrecy around the issue. A University of
Manitoba report last September estimated about 900 female sex workers in
Kabul.
A 2005 report by the German aid group Ora International drew data from
122 female sex workers, of whom less than 1 percent knew about AIDS. The
youngest was 14.
Prostitutes in Afghanistan include scores of Chinese women serving
Western customers who work for security firms, companies and aid groups
in Afghanistan. Many of the women say they were tricked into the trade
by middlemen who promised them respectable jobs, but Gen. Ali Shah
Paktiawal, head of Kabul's criminal investigations, denies this, saying:
"They come here of their own will."
The shame of prostitution in Afghanistan is intense.
"In our culture, it is very, very bad," said Soraya Sobhrang, the Afghan
Independent Human Rights Commissioner for women's affairs.
Under the Afghan penal code, prostitution is often considered adultery,
which is punishable by five to 15 years in prison. Under Islamic law,
married prostitutes can be stoned to death.
Some prostitutes are forced into the sex trade by their families. The
Ora report said 39 percent of the sex workers interviewed found clients
through their relatives — including 17 percent through their mothers and
15 percent through their husbands.
For many girls, there is little recourse.
"They think that if they tell us the truth, we will return them to their
families, and their families will kill them, or that we will send them
to an institution and they will be put in prison," says Jamila Ghairat
of the aid organization Women for Afghan Women. "The girls are afraid of
their families, the government and everyone."
In some cases, it is families that pimp out the girls. At one family-run
brothel, the oldest girl was a 15-year-old, orphaned when her parents
died in rocket attacks in Kabul. A relative had married her off to a
9-year-old boy whose father was a pimp. She ran away three times, but
each time her father-in-law bribed police to bring her back. She finally
escaped to the human rights commission.
Makeshift brothels exist all over Kabul, but they are always moving,
says Esmatullah Nekzad, a policeman formerly with the force's Department
of Moral Crimes. The clients are mostly Afghan men.
"Most Afghan men have this hobby — young men from about 16 to 30 years
of age," says Nekzad. "You go, you take their phone number, then you
tell your friends. It's all by telephone."
The girls stay in one place for anything from five days to three months,
until neighbors learn of their business.
That's what happened with the girl Uncle Lang raped. In November, he
trafficked her and several others to the northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif
to beg and sell sex. Within days the neighbors became suspicious and
tipped off police.
Police raided the place and arrested the prostitutes. Uncle Lang fled.
For a few weeks, the girl went daily to a women's aid organization. She
arrived in the morning, worked in the kitchen and had an hour of
counseling every day. She left at 4 p.m.
Her hands became clean and soft. She was happier. She started praying to
ask Allah forgiveness for her sins.
At first she said her family did not know she was selling sex, and her
mother would kill her. But during the counseling sessions, she let it
slip that her parents encouraged her to work with Uncle Lang. When she
stopped seeing him, they sent her 10-year-old brother instead.
One day, an aid worker spotted her with Uncle Lang on a popular street
lined with kebab and ice cream shops.
The aid worker confronted her. A day later, the girl stopped going to
the organization.
She has not been seen or heard from since.
